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Empirical Inference Conference Paper A data and task-constrained mechanistic model of the mouse outer retina shows robustness to contrast variations Kadhim, K. L., Beck, J., Huang, Z., Macke, J. H., Rieke, F., Euler, T., Deistler, M., Berens, P. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:98843-98863, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) bioRxiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Are Language Models Efficient Reasoners? A Perspective from Logic Programming Opedal, A., Zengaffinen, Y., Shirakami, H., Pasti, C., Sachan, M., Saparov, A., Cotterell, R., Schölkopf, B. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:68388-68424, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Autoformalizing Natural Language to First-Order Logic: A Case Study in Logical Fallacy Detection Lalwani*, A., Kim*, T., Chopra, L., Hahn, C., Jin, Z., Sachan, M. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 4th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 132-147, (Editors: Kentaro Inui, Sakriani Sakti, Haofen Wang, Derek F. Wong, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Biplab Banerjee, Asif Ekbal, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Dhirendra Pratap Singh), The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing and The Association for Computational Linguistics, IJCNLP & AACL, December 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper CauSciBench: Assessing LLM Causal Reasoning for Scientific Research Acharya, S., Zhang, T. J., Kim, A., Haghighat, A., Sun, X., Shrestha, R. B., Mordig, M., Danisman, F., Jose, C., Qi, Y., et al. NeurIPS 2025: 5th Workshop on Mathematical Reasoning and AI (Math-AI) and CauScien Workshop, December 2025 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Counterfactual reasoning: an analysis of in-context emergence Miller, M., Schölkopf, B., Guo, S. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:87510-87544, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Cultural Alien Sampler: Open-ended art generation balancing originality and coherence Hernandez, A., Yakura, H., Brinkmann, L., Sola, M. C., Alhaija, H. A., Serna, I., Rahaman, N., Schölkopf, B., Rahwan, I. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Creative AI Track: Humanity, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Do-PFN: In-Context Learning for Causal Effect Estimation Robertson*, J., Reuter*, A., Guo, S., Hollmann, N., Hutter, F., Schölkopf, B. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:174811-174848, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Effortless, Simulation-Efficient Bayesian Inference using Tabular Foundation Models Vetter, J., Gloeckler, M., Gedon, D., Macke, J. H. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:82685-82724, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper FNOPE: Simulation-based inference on function spaces with Fourier Neural Operators Moss, G., Muhle, L. S., Drews, R., Macke, J. H., Schröder, C. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:61006-61042, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Identifying multi-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley models with high-density extracellular voltage recordings Tanoh, I. C., Deistler, M., Macke, J. H., Linderman, S. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:98995-99037, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Quriosity: Analyzing Human Questioning Behavior and Causal Inquiry through Curiosity-Driven Queries Ceraolo*, R., Kharlapenko*, D., Khan*, A., Reymond, A., Mihalcea, R., Schölkopf, B., Sachan, M., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 4th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 534-563, (Editors: Kentaro Inui, Sakriani Sakti, Haofen Wang, Derek F. Wong, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Biplab Banerjee, Asif Ekbal, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Dhirendra Pratap Singh), The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing and The Association for Computational Linguistics, IJCNLP & AACL, December 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Reparameterized LLM Training via Orthogonal Equivalence Transformation Qiu, Z., Buchholz, S., Xiao, T., Dax, M., Schölkopf, B., Liu, W. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:140775-140821, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Root Cause Analysis of Outliers with Missing Structural Knowledge Orchard, W. R., Okati, N., Garrido Mejia, S., Blöbaum, P., Janzing, D. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:161634-161671, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper SPARTAN: A Sparse Transformer World Model Attending to What Matters Lei, A., Schölkopf, B., Posner, I. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:154089-154114, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Agent-to-Agent Theory of Mind: Testing Interlocutor Awareness among Large Language Models Choi*, Y., Li*, C., Yang, Y., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 28895-28928, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, EMNLP, November 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Are Language Models Consequentialist or Deontological Moral Reasoners? Samway, K., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Guzman Piedrahita, D., Mihalcea, R., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 30699-30726, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, EMNLP, November 2025 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Improving Large Language Model Safety with Contrastive Representation Learning Simko, S., Sachan, M., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 28166-28194, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, November 2025 (Published) arXiv DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Orthogonal Finetuning Made Scalable Qiu*, Z., Liu*, W., Weller, A., Schölkopf, B. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 31946-31963, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, EMNLP, November 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Corrupted by reasoning: Reasoning language models become free-riders in public goods games Guzman Piedrahita, D., Yang, Y., Sachan, M., Ramponi, G., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. Second Conference on Language Modeling (COLM 2025), October 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Avoiding spurious sharpness minimization broadens applicability of SAM Singh, S. P., Mobahi, H., Agarwala, A., Dauphin, Y. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:55702-55719, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Deep Models and Optimization Conference Paper Generalized Interpolating Discrete Diffusion von Rütte, D., Fluri, J., Ding, Y., Orvieto, A., Schölkopf, B., Hofmann, T. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:61810-61843, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Generative Intervention Models for Causal Perturbation Modeling Schneider, N., Lorch, L., Kilbertus, N., Schölkopf, B., Krause, A. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:53388-53412, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Learning Joint Interventional Effects from Single-Variable Interventions in Additive Models Kekić, A., Garrido Mejia, S., Schölkopf, B. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:29651-29669, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Position: Probabilistic Modelling is Sufficient for Causal Inference Mlodozeniec, B. K., Krueger, D., Turner, R. E. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:81810-81840, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Progressive Tempering Sampler with Diffusion Rissanen*, S., OuYang*, R., He*, J., Chen, W., Heinonen, M., Solin, A., Hernández-Lobato, J. M. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:51724-51746, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Scalable Gaussian Processes with Latent Kronecker Structure Lin, J. A., Ament, A., Balandat, M., Eriksson, D., Hernández-Lobato, J. M., Bakshy, E. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 267:37730-37744, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Singh, Aarti and Fazel, Maryam and Hsu, Daniel and Lacoste-Julien, Simon and Berkenkamp, Felix and Maharaj, Tegan and Wagstaff, Kiri and Zhu, Jerry), PMLR, International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Accuracy on the wrong line: On the pitfalls of noisy data for out-of-distribution generalisation Sanyal, A., Hu, Y., Yu, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Schölkopf, B. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 258:2170-2178, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Li, Yingzhen and Mandt, Stephan and Agrawal, Shipra and Khan, Emtiyaz), PMLR, May 2025 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Training Neural Samplers with Reverse Diffusive KL Divergence He*, J., Chen*, W., Zhang*, M., Barber, D., Hernández-Lobato, J. M. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 258:5167-5175, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Li, Yingzhen and Mandt, Stephan and Agrawal, Shipra and Khan, Emtiyaz), PMLR, May 2025, *equal contribution (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Your Finetuned Large Language Model is Already a Powerful Out-of-distribution Detector Zhang, A., Xiao, T. Z., Liu, W., Bamler, R., Wischik, D. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 258:2701-2709, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, (Editors: Li, Yingzhen and Mandt, Stephan and Agrawal, Shipra and Khan, Emtiyaz), PMLR, May 2025 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Autonomous Learning Conference Paper Advancing Out-of-Distribution Detection via Local Neuroplasticity Canevaro, A., Schmidt, J., Marvi, M. S., Yu, H., Martius, G., Jordan, J. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Perceiving Systems Conference Paper Can Large Language Models Understand Symbolic Graphics Programs? Qiu, Z., Liu, W., Feng, H., Liu, Z., Xiao, T. Z., Collins, K. M., Tenenbaum, J. B., Weller, A., Black, M. J., Schölkopf, B. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv Paper BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Compositional simulation-based inference for time series Gloeckler*, M., Toyota*, S., Fukumizu, K., Macke, J. H. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Learning and Dynamical Systems Conference Paper Conformal Generative Modeling with Improved Sample Efficiency through Sequential Greedy Filtering Kladny, K., Schölkopf, B., Muehlebach, M. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Robust Machine Learning Conference Paper Cross-Entropy Is All You Need to Invert the Data Generating Process Reizinger*, P., Bizeul*, A., Juhos*, A., Vogt, J. E., Balestriero, R., Brendel, W., Klindt, D. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025, *Joint first authorship (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Differentially private steering for Large language model alignment Goel, A., Hu, Y., Gurevych, I., Sanyal, A. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Perceiving Systems Conference Paper Efficient Diversity-Preserving Diffusion Alignment via Gradient-Informed GFlowNets Liu, Z., Xiao, T. Z., Liu, W., Bengio, Y., Zhang, D. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Robust Machine Learning Conference Paper Identifiable Exchangeable Mechanisms for Causal Structure and Representation Learning Reizinger, P., Guo, S., Huszár, F., Schölkopf, B., Brendel, W. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Improving Probabilistic Diffusion Models With Optimal Covariance Matching Ou*, Z., Zhang*, M., Zhang, A., Xiao, T. Z., Li, Y., Barber, D. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Influence Functions for Scalable Data Attribution in Diffusion Models Mlodozeniec, B. K., Eschenhagen, R., Bae, J., Immer, A., Krueger, D., Turner, R. E. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Robust Machine Learning Conference Paper Interaction Asymmetry: A General Principle for Learning Composable Abstractions Brady, J., von Kügelgen, J., Lachapelle, S., Buchholz, S., Kipf*, T., Brendel*, W. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025, *joint senior author (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Language Model Alignment in Multilingual Trolley Problems Jin, Z., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Piatti, G., Levine, S., Liu, J., Gonzalez, F., Ortu, F., Strausz, A., Sachan, M., Mihalcea, R., et al. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Autonomous Learning Conference Paper On the Transfer of Object-Centric Representation Learning Didolkar, A. R., Zadaianchuk, A., Goyal, A., Mozer, M. C., Bengio, Y., Martius*, G., Seitzer*, M. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025, *equal contribution (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Preference Elicitation for Offline Reinforcement Learning Pace, A., Schölkopf, B., Rätsch, G., Ramponi, G. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Standardizing Structural Causal Models Ormaniec*, W., Sussex*, S., Lorch*, L., Schölkopf, B., Krause, A. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper The Directionality of Optimization Trajectories in Neural Networks Singh, S. P., He, B., Hofmann, T., Schölkopf, B. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper What Does It Mean to Be a Transformer? Insights from a Theoretical Hessian Analysis Ormaniec, W., Dangel, F., Singh, S. P. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025 (Published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Why AI Is WEIRD and Should Not Be This Way: Towards AI For Everyone, With Everyone, By Everyone Mihalcea*, R., Ignat*, O., Bai, L., Borah, A., Chiruzzo, L., Jin, Z., Kwizera, C., Nwatu, J., Poria, S., Solorio, T. The Thirty-Nineth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2025 (Senior Member Presentation Track), (27)28657-28670, (Editors: Toby Walsh, Julie Shah, Zico Kolter ), AAAI Press, April 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper MathGAP: Out-of-Distribution Evaluation on Problems with Arbitrarily Complex Proofs Opedal*, A., Shirakami*, H., Schölkopf, B., Saparov, A., Sachan, M. The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv BibTeX